From c3fd8e5fd100f122bad503bdc0e9277219533253 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi Date: Sat, 5 Sep 2026 03:47:33 +0200 Subject: bpf: Reject non-scalar bpf_loop iteration counts bpf_loop() declares its nr_loops argument as ARG_ANYTHING. Privileged programs may pass pointer values to such arguments, so check_func_arg() lets a pointer-valued R1 reach the helper-specific checks. Since commit bb124da69c47 ("bpf: keep track of max number of bpf_loop callback iterations"), the verifier marks R1 precise and reads its upper bound to limit callback simulation. Precision backtracking only accepts scalar registers, so passing a pointer instead triggers the "backtracking misuse" verifier warning. Kernels with panic_on_warn enabled subsequently panic. Introduce ARG_SCALAR for helper arguments that only accept scalar values and use it for bpf_loop() nr_loops. Generic helper argument validation then rejects pointers before loop inlining and precision processing. Fixes: bb124da69c47 ("bpf: keep track of max number of bpf_loop callback iterations") Reported-by: syzbot+7b47f87674e9a1569110@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260905014735.1452988-2-memxor@gmail.com Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/6a9ad24c.b5d4176b.238c3e.0001.GAE@google.com/ Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman --- include/linux/bpf.h | 1 + kernel/bpf/bpf_iter.c | 2 +- kernel/bpf/verifier.c | 1 + 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h index b7dbf3d9b5c0..e57af902560c 100644 --- a/include/linux/bpf.h +++ b/include/linux/bpf.h @@ -894,6 +894,7 @@ enum bpf_arg_type { ARG_PTR_TO_CTX, /* pointer to context */ ARG_ANYTHING, /* any (initialized) argument is ok */ + ARG_SCALAR, /* scalar argument */ ARG_PTR_TO_SPIN_LOCK, /* pointer to bpf_spin_lock */ ARG_PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON, /* pointer to sock_common */ ARG_PTR_TO_SOCKET, /* pointer to bpf_sock (fullsock) */ diff --git a/kernel/bpf/bpf_iter.c b/kernel/bpf/bpf_iter.c index 14a5fdfa0421..b40eb404adab 100644 --- a/kernel/bpf/bpf_iter.c +++ b/kernel/bpf/bpf_iter.c @@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_loop_proto = { .func = bpf_loop, .gpl_only = false, .ret_type = RET_INTEGER, - .arg1_type = ARG_ANYTHING, + .arg1_type = ARG_SCALAR, .arg2_type = ARG_PTR_TO_FUNC, .arg3_type = ARG_PTR_TO_STACK_OR_NULL, .arg4_type = ARG_ANYTHING, diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c index 1c3039f3fc32..4638a2f85d0f 100644 --- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c +++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c @@ -8211,6 +8211,7 @@ static const struct bpf_reg_types *compatible_reg_types[__BPF_ARG_TYPE_MAX] = { [ARG_MEM_SIZE] = &scalar_types, [ARG_MEM_SIZE_OR_ZERO] = &scalar_types, [ARG_CONST_ALLOC_SIZE_OR_ZERO] = &scalar_types, + [ARG_SCALAR] = &scalar_types, [ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR] = &const_map_ptr_types, [ARG_PTR_TO_CTX] = &context_types, [ARG_PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON] = &sock_types, -- cgit v1.2.3 From bde8901ea14244e7195a2d6b6aa2023b28d4233c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi Date: Sat, 5 Sep 2026 03:47:34 +0200 Subject: selftests/bpf: Test pointer bpf_loop iteration count rejection Add a verifier test that leaves the raw tracepoint context pointer in R1 when calling bpf_loop(). This is the smallest trigger for the incorrect precision backtracking: it reuses an existing callback and needs no maps or userspace setup. Expect an ordinary scalar-type rejection. Without the verifier fix, the test instead reaches precision backtracking and reports an internal "backtracking misuse" error. Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260905014735.1452988-3-memxor@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman --- .../selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_iterating_callbacks.c | 17 +++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+) diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_iterating_callbacks.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_iterating_callbacks.c index 75dd922e4e9f..1fbcc5228306 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_iterating_callbacks.c +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_iterating_callbacks.c @@ -168,6 +168,23 @@ static int iter_limit_cb(__u32 idx, struct num_context *ctx) return 0; } +SEC("?raw_tp") +__failure __msg("R1 type=ctx expected=scalar") +__naked void bpf_loop_reject_pointer(void) +{ + asm volatile ( + "r2 = %[iter_limit_cb];" + "r3 = 0;" + "r4 = 0;" + "call %[bpf_loop];" + "exit;" + : + : __imm_ptr(iter_limit_cb), + __imm(bpf_loop) + : __clobber_common + ); +} + SEC("?raw_tp") __success int bpf_loop_iter_limit_ok(void *unused) -- cgit v1.2.3